Difference between theology and religious studies Essay

Contrast among philosophy and strict examinations - Essay Example On the traditional record, philosophy contrasts from different types of reflection, including strict investigations, for either of two reasons: (1) since it needs to engage uncommon models of truth for a few if not the entirety of its affirmations; and (2) in light of the fact that the scholar must be an adherent who as of now holds these statements to be valid. (Ogden) Individuals of the Christian confidence can't acknowledge standards of different religions, except if they comply with Christianity. A model would be a Christian trusts Jesus Christ is the Savior and is equivalent to God the Creator. This implies a Christian would not embrace sees in opposition to this, such the Islamic or Judeo confidence in one God. Religious philosophy just reaffirms the faith in Jesus Christ. unique in relation to strict examinations, just as from different types of reflection, even it were in full consistence with similar principles of reflection, since the adequate ground of its distinction is the issue that comprises it an unmistakable field of reflectionâ€namely, the intelligent inquiry concerning the importance and truth of the Christian religion, or observer of confidence. (Ogden) â€Å"Religious Studies is frequently utilized as a general heading, covering a variety of conceivably clashing methodological ways to deal with religion. Some of them despite everything will in general be viewed as options in contrast to Religious philosophy. (Leirvick) A significant number of the non-Christian religions have strict guidance in their Temples, Mosques, and different organizations as opposed to showing their religion in universities. School courses for these religions are for information, not the adherent. Philosophy is educated at schools and colleges worked around the religious examination. Strict examinations are for information, while religious philosophy is for the adherent to Christianity. Philosophy is the investigation of the Christian confidence, while strict examination manage each other religion. Philosophy is educated in standard schools and colleges. Strict investigations are likewise educated in standard schools and colleges,

Business Commerce Development of Organization

Question: Depict about the Business Commerce for Development of Organization. Answer: 1: The achievement and the improvement of the association rely on the preparation and are productive to the business just as workers. The preparation of workers would help in making the representatives beneficial and proficient and they would convey quality execution and the wastage of time, assets and cash would lessen. Preparing helps in giving occupation fulfillment and employer stability to workers. It will make the representatives very much familiar with the errands and will require less management and along these lines chopping down the associations use. Under reproduction, the workers are approached to play out the activity that they would experience while being at work. State, the sales reps in an association may pretend the circumstances of deals to mimic interfacing with the clients. 2: 2a: Association of the end clients in the authoritative change is significant and there can be different variables answerable for the obstruction of the end clients. This can be absence of help from the board; absence of association during the time spent execution, specialized nature of the new fighting framework may be poor which prompts intrinsic obstruction. Because of the poor communication between the clients of the framework and fashioners, the end clients oppose to adjust to the new framework. The new framework probably won't have clear advantages and the preparation offices may be lacking. 2b: The preparation program ought to draw in the representatives adequately and the association should look for the input from the workers. In this manner, the preparation ought to have two path correspondences as this would improve the representatives support. The progressions ought to be imparted adequately in the preparation program. The preparation program ought to be so intended to beat the resistance and clarifying the workers about the requirement for the change ought to be done in the preparation program. 3: Ergonomics helps in guaranteeing the authenticity of the general procedure of the electronic democratic framework. It has a significant task to carry out in creating the discretionary ease of use and appointive clients experience. This ergonomics would help in pleasing all the voters upon the arrival of political decision. The HCL gives the direction about the ease of use of structuring of the security instrument in the electronic democratic framework. It considers the protection all the more completely and the plans apply to the security. The audits and the investigation by the specialists goodness HCI would help in structuring the electronic democratic system[1]. 4: The inquiries created are as per the following: What is the need of assessment? The need of assessment is that the creators become excessively enchanted and this may incorporate the likings and the error concerning sunk expense. How to test? The test is done, for example, ease of use test and acknowledgment test. The ease of use testing incorporates the remote ease of use testing which is done by means of web, markdown convenience testing and serious ease of use testing. Satisfactory test is finished by defining the exhibition objectives, for example, estimation and objectivity. What is the financial plan for testing? The testing would incorporate the financial plan with the goal that all the expense in completing the assessment is done the trick. What is the planning of testing and method of conveying test? The test is completed either utilizing the sites or the traffic control framework. The planning of test would be that is completed at standard interim. Is the test required? Truly, the test is required and it might about the issue concerning the administration, military and security issues. The test is the ease of use and it is exceptionally various and it is done in the versatile labs and field test What is a specialist? The survey from the specialists can be led during the way toward planning and rather that improving the particular things and spotlight on being extensive. What gets logged? Logging is significant and once in a while dreary and there is have to concentrate on UI and it is finished utilizing new methodologies and the product that would help in logging are Morae, Live lumberjack and Spectator. What is requirement for logging? There is nonstop logging and the framework gets logged for assessing the exhibition speed and keeping the reputation of blunders, web examination and following the highlights which have been utilized in the item. What are protection ways? The security of the different programming is finished by utilizing the product introduced in the item. Protection is a significant factor for the UI. Shouldn't something be said about organizations? The organizations chose to set up the interface survey is the product organizations and the companys fabricating and creating the computer games. What is the investigation premise? The premise of assessment is that the product utilized is easy to use or not What is the procedure and premise of assessment? The assessment is done after the item is discharged and the assessment premise is contextual investigation, meet with clients on singular premise and gathering conversation. The outcomes deducted from the above survey is that the UI should be tried and assessed on different premise. 5: The different issues confronted are with respect to the absence of eagerness to share the informations. The medical clinics are hesitant in sharing the data about the legitimacy and financing framework and don't show the inspirational mentality toward sharing the basic data and they dread about the analysis. There is the issue with respect to the assignment of assets and the accessibility of the assets. The standard concerning this is hard to follow in light of the fact that there is absence of national methodology and doesn't have away from and the system of administration. The middle ought to guarantee that there is the accessibility of practical assets and the legislature ought to reallocate the spending plans. The legislature ought to give the direction to the clinical focuses with respect to the norms, strategies, structure and the arrangement of advancement and the usage. There ought to be laws overseeing the insurance of security of these moving information and the records of the clinical focuses. Experts would be instructed with the codes and the plans required for the security reason. 6: The push and pull conveyance model is the methodology utilized for trading the information between the unmistakable elements. The force model depends on reaction worldview and on the other hand push model depends on the disseminate or distribute worldview. The capacity of pull model is like the customer pulling off the information from the server. Under the draw model, the moving of the information is started by the customer. Then again, under the push model, the information is independently moved by the operator to the customer either nonconcurrently or all the time through a scheduler. The case of push model is the system checking. 7: The dangers to the data security are because of the defenselessness which is related with the foundation of web itself and there may be issues with the customers PC. The robotized purchasing of vote is another danger which would prompt involving political race. The arrangement of casting a ballot might be assaulted by the insiders and electronic the democratic framework may be assaulted with the particular infection which prompts loss of security, disappointment and vote robbery. Another danger to casting a ballot framework is parodying. Beating the dangers: The general population and individual PCs should be secured and the consistence must be guaranteed. There should be sufficient documentation and review ought to be done autonomously and there is the command over the physical resources. The danger of parodying can be overwhelmed by utilizing the encoded individual distinguishing proof number. 8: Non renouncement can barely be accomplished in the paper based interchanges. Non denial is for the confirmation and the prerequisite is more grounded. The confirmation originates from persuading different gatherings and there is a need of demonstrating to the outsider. The exchange has a requirement for non renouncement of the administration. Denial is one of the issues in the paper based correspondence and the exchanges and administrations is the key job in the non renouncement administrations. Non revocation is a parameter which changes the various necessities and the strategy of non conduct relies on the lawful and specialized backings. 9: The change the board is urgent for the associations to stay serious. The organization is compelled to react taking into account changing innovation and globalization of business sectors. The associations subsequent to adjusting the change can build the commitment and the exhibition of the representatives. The expense of activity of the organization would be diminished in lights of the executed change. Change the board would likewise limit the opposition and upgrade the innovation[2]. The change the executives should be possible through rebuilding the association. For instance, the British aviation routes have rebuilt the whole association because of the wastefulness and the wastage of the assets. For the organization to grasp the change, the organization must be rebuilt. 10: The VCF was created without the insufficient appraisal of the different other options and it didn't adjust to the structural gauges. This was done in the manner that there was no fuse of the huge business off the rack programming projects. The necessity of the framework was not predictable and didn't guide to the requirements of the clients. The arrangement of design, tasks and the documentation was not deficient that lead to the disappointment of the VCF. The structuring of the documentation and the necessity were uncertain and not complete and there was hole in the following of plans and it was hard to keep up the programming projects. 11: The post usage audit is significant and fundamental segment of the task and it recognizes the open doors for additional improvement and accommodates the checking of the advantages. The PIR gives the guarantee about the venture done in any undertaking. The ach

Communication Essay for Learning - Surveying -myassignmenthelp

Question: Expound on theCommunication Essay for Learning, Surveying and Teaching. Answer: Presentation In this exposition, the student has intricately portrayed the use of internet based life correspondences in the nation Singapore. According to the report, We Are Social 2017, 70% of the Singaporeans get to online networking accounts through their portable for both outside and inward correspondences. In this inclining and mechanical propelled time, an ever increasing number of individuals are locked in using internet based life interchanges. This makes an immediate effect on the associations for utilizing interpersonal interaction instrument for correspondence both inside and remotely also. Correspondence to the world by means of informal communication can improve the practicality and popularity for the organizations of Singapore. As greatest residents of this nation are locked in by means of web based life, the advancement, just as correspondence process, will altogether upgrade for the presumed associations of the nation. The student has fundamentally given the important speculation s of correspondences both interior and outer alongside the focal points and disservices related with such practice in the association. A short portrayal of the centrality of the utilization of web based life interchanges by associations of Singapore has likewise been accommodated empowering web based life as networks of training. Outer correspondences The significance of online life in the business world explicitly Singapore is noteworthy in the present time. Through web based life, a radical change has been seen in the method for association between every association with their partners. A web based life organizing device can be created in an association through picking up, looking over, preparing, following rules, announcing, engaging and observing. Present day innovation has basically changed the base of outside correspondences while making the Internet an esteemed asset towards coming to and achieving new clients (Botan Hazleton, 2010). Associations must make sites for letting different individuals find out about the forthcoming item and most recent administrations. Internet based life organizing instruments hugy affect the individuals of Singapore which can prompt accomplishment just as disappointment. Henceforth, this innovation must be gotten to fittingly with explicit measures. The improvement correspondence hypothesis obv iously expresses that there is no advancement conceivable without correspondence which at present web based life took an essential part in it (Melkote, 2003). Shannon depicted correspondence hypothesis through the seven components of correspondence which are the collector source, sender, goal, input, channel, message, and entropic components (negative and positive). These components are all around engaged with web based life organizing instruments which are acknowledged by 70% of the number of inhabitants in the nation Singapore. Internet based life organizing instruments, for example, YouTube, Blogs, Facebook, Twitter, Vimeo, Linkedin, Google+ and Flickr are helpful for the individuals of Singapore just as the associations to convey. This, thus, will be both savvy just as time saving and will assist with arriving at target socioeconomics altogether. This sort of systems administration interchanges permits different associations to collaborate with crowds all through the world. This, thusly, lets associations to accomplish greater perceivability just as will be productive for the association in every single angle. The top most potential advantage of empowering web based life in an association is altogether the capacity to accomplish minimal effort presentation or advancement of the organization everywhere throughout the globe (Cheney et al. 2010). Modernisation hypothesis likewise underpins outside correspondence by means of internet based life organizing which plainly expresses that at the last stage individ uals will acknowledge and appreciate the comforts which is offered by innovation while supplanting customary culture totally (Bernstein, 1971)). This hypothesis suggests consummately on the present circumstance of Singapore. There are a few points of interest of online life organizing devices over customary promoting devices as through innovation connecting clients is all the more simple and adequate by the individuals at present. Individuals surf through the web just as different sites for get-together data other than learning through bulletins, printed papers and other customary modes (Welch Jackson, 2007). It is obvious from the report of We Are Social 2017, an ever increasing number of individuals of Singapore are taking part in online networking world by means of their versatile which expresses that on the off chance that an association utilizes web based life as networks of training, at that point it can essentially accomplish the best situation in the objective market. Business organizing, just as employing stages, for example, Linkedin, helps different associations for speaking with its every partner (Guffey Loewy, 2010). Associations are profited with the utilization of internet based life organ izing as it is liberated from cost in the first place. Through online life organizing associations can spare their time just as their cash. Indeed, even scarcely any connections that are joined to the locales can be charged to the clients. Subsequently, this sort of apparatuses can be useful for creating, following and achieving a few potential customers, which helps the associations in a few different ways. Through internet based life organizing, a two-way correspondence model can be built up as it can have an increasingly fruitful methodology towards clients. Posting questions and overviews will altogether assist an association with learning the perspectives and necessities of different clients that will likewise assist with amending the flawed zones while serving better administrations (Chermak Weiss, 2005). Web based life organizing apparatuses help to bring issues to light among different individuals while empowering the individuals to comprehend the administrations, standards, and estimations of the association. Social substance supports the connections to the sites through showing up in query items which thusly upgrades online deals just as search traffic. This instrument causes an association to upgrade support and reliability from different clients those are as of now a piece of the association, just as new clients, can find out about it through new systems administration modes while producing new leads (Arvidsson, 2010). For example, if an association utilizes the devices of internet based life systems administration and conveys the most recent message to its customers by means of online then there is a higher possibility that it will pick up the consideration of a few clients than utilizing conventional techniques, for example, bulletins, flyers, and so on. Alongside favorable circumstances come impediments too. Be that as it may, with the expanding commitment of individuals in Singapore through web-based social networking will outperform the weaknesses. As web-based social networking organizing instruments will connect every individuals to the association. This sort of long range interpersonal communication devices require gigantic sum speculation just as steady checking for better yield. For example, in the event that an association has a littler gathering of representatives, at that point it will be difficult for the group to adapt up to the consideration required while observing the systems administration devices. This thusly may hamper the notoriety of the organization. Every representative identified with the systems administration group must know about every criticism or remarks that are being transferred by the clients. Afterward, answering to the remarks is additionally required (Bailey, 2016). Hardly any associations do consid er this to be a drawback too. This is on the grounds that couple of workers may abuse the open doors that are given to them and might disregard the direness of such remarks and criticisms. A genuine duty of assets is wanted towards dealing with the web based life nearness over the Internet, for example, reacting towards input just as delivering most recent substance. In the event that its not done in customary premise, at that point there is an opportunity to lose potential clients from the association which will prompt the terrible notoriety of the association in the objective market. Once in a while it is difficult to take part in web based life organizing apparatuses as barely any posts can have an unfriendly impact towards the matter of the organization. Scarcely any occasions individuals send poor remarks or audits about the organization on the sites like Twitter which can adversy affect the organization (Barker Gower, 2010). Henceforth, it tends to be said that couple of remar ks can redesign the notoriety of the organization just as not many remarks or posts can debase the notoriety of the organization. Not many of these awful reactions can likewise originate from the representatives. For example, disillusioned workers will in general offer their perspectives and considerations in the online stage which thusly can make the wholes association in heartbreaking spot. Negative criticism or neglecting to react while connecting with clients can harm the notoriety of the association. In this manner, there is a potential danger of internet based life organizing. Be that as it may, in the event that the devices are overseen precisely and viably, at that point these impediments can fundamentally be let down. For example, in the event that a client leaves a terrible remark on the online site, at that point others will likewise survey the remark which can bring down the notoriety of the association essentially. A contextual analysis about the cause association named Singapore Red Cross, basically portrayed how five years prior this association only like different associations carried on also like a government. Every one of the vital choices was made on the fundamental suppositions of the need of the charitys crowds. The entrance of web based life organizing apparatuses has fundamentally helped association to draw in with different partners in progressively important discussions in regards to the different ways the cause can connect with, bolster and instruct the individuals (Coombs, 2010). The online networking exercises propelled by the association have helped them to acquire chips in just as to raise more assets for the individuals experiencing serious illnesses. At present, the association has a YouTube channel, a Flickr account, a Vimeo Account, a Twitter account just as two Facebook accounts. These imparting apparatuses have essentially picked up the consideration of different individu als around the world. Individuals at present can tag the

The Battle Over Process Essay Examples Topics and How to Win It

The Battle Over Process Essay Examples Topics and How to Win It Before learning how to compose a process essay of A level, it is important to define the expression. To begin with, find out more about the process you're likely to be explaining. The ways students ought to be taught about their wellbeing. The student is often anticipated to demonstrate an awareness of the program material, besides carrying out extensive research. The Number One Question You Must Ask for Process Essay Examples Topics A methodical strategy is required to compose a process essay. It's possible for you to learn from examples of good essays, the very first vital step actually locating a very good sample essay. Essay writing is just one of the most difficult tasks students have to undertake. Many students ask us how to compose a process essay and it isn't surprising. The entire idea of constructing a process essay is to create the reader understand a specific idea. At the same time that you can look all over for an excellent process essay topic before finding one, it's a superb concept to brainstorm if you're really stuck. When it is all about a process essay, it is crucial to keep all the vital details in mind. Basically, a process analysis essay is a how-to paper which should inform readers about how to do something and teach them essential things to do to reach certain objectives. The New Angle On Process Essay Examples Topics Just Released Don't be afraid to find some additional aid to earn your paper stick out! The duration of the essay is normally dependent on the difficulty and number of steps it takes. From the essay examples, you will probably realize the significance of d eveloping a good outline for your paper. If at all possible, be sure to include things like a photo of the said object you're planning to use if you plan to publish the said essay online. For example, if your process essay is all about making the ideal shepherd's pie, consider drafting a paragraph on the best way to make the filling below and another paragraph on the best way to create good mashed potatoes in addition to the lamb filling below. A whole lot of the moment, it will help to break down each process into subsections. Main paragraphs of your essay should have a list of steps the reader should take to accomplish the end result. It will be ideal if you make a different paragraph for each step of the practice. Facts, Fiction and Process Essay Examples Topics The instructions about how to write process essays should also end up being handy for readers. If students wish to compose an elaborate essay, they ought to conduct a correct research and carry out the process th emselves before actually explaining it to the reader. You should select a topic that satisfies your instructor's guidelines and such that could grab the reader's interest. The essay topics are categorized in various groups only for the ease of readers. The objective of the essay is to explain the process itself, so you're going to break it down into various actions. Each step carries its own significance, and a bad explanation of a single step can ruin the whole procedure. The more subdivided steps you've got, the larger risk for the reader to receive confused. Likewise you should attempt to avoid comparing one process to another. As a college student, you probably know something about ways to study or the way to accomplish any range of college-related tasks. The process essays are usually written for companies or people who need tutorials. Students need to deal with these kinds of essays every now and then when they're asked to spell out a specific procedure or how somet hing is working. The only issue with these kinds of papers is they are also very likely to be limited in regard to quality as the students have the exact limited skills you might be facing. Make sure that you have all of the information to hand. 1 search is probably going to generate a great deal of papers from which you could choose. Sooner or later, it's important to select topics that one feels comfortable to write on so you can do justice to them. Just select the category which suits you best and tackle because many topics as possible. A Startling Fact about Process Essay Examples Topics Uncovered If you apply the correct keywords, you're likely to locate some extraordinary papers to assist with essay topic ideas. As an example, when developing opinion essay topics, you could seek out examples of such essays on the internet, and check in what way the writers frame their topics in connection to the content. As a student, you want to master the art of selecting the right essay topic. Curriculum proposal topics is a means to try. Frequently students want to determine which topic to choose by themselves.

Malaria Causes Cure

Sample details Pages: 21 Words: 6206 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Biology Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Solving a Biological Problem Summary The chapter is about the methodology that is involved in exploring some understanding toward solving a biological problem while doing research in quest. With citation of example of malaria as a problem along with historical stage involved towards gradual understanding related to its causes leading to the findings to its cure and preventions, an attempt was made to present the approach that has been involved in addressing the scientific issues in past. A practical approach that is possible to conduct practically at school level to get the students introduced with research at elementary level and built up some interest in students has been presented in the following chapter. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Malaria Causes Cure | Sciences Dissertations" essay for you Create order Mathematical and statistical tools that are needed in research have been introduced to analyze the data obtained by using research methodology (hypothetical) to arrive on conclusions about certain aspects of the issues related to malaria to accept, discard or modify the hypothesis on a scientific query. Introduction The human being started putting efforts to explore the world around him right from very beginning. The history is full of examples that show that early human being somehow recorded their opinion about different thing. With passage of time, human beings learnt to evaluate the correctness of their thoughts and opinion on any scientific issue, by setting some experiments, drawing conclusion (hypothesis) based on results, verification of hypothesis by other experiments and reporting it. Research methodology is latest approach involving these procedures to address a scientific problem. Steps involved in Biological Research Procedure Identification of a problem Sufferings of mankind that includes diseases, scarcity of food shelter, utilities etc or related matters are the existing problems from biological origin. To initiate research in an area a problem in a particular area is identified. There can be a wide range of problems e.g. an approach to find a cure for newly emerging disease, find a more effective drug for a curable disease, increase the shelf life of a product etc. Generation of hypothesis Available understanding on an issue that is published in scientific journals is used to draw logical opinion, hypothesis, underlying the biological processes and indicate possibilities that can lead to the management of the problem. There are often more than one hypothesis available for a given scientific query. Usually one hypothesis is being testified by given experiments. (a)Shelf life of chadder cheese increases with increase in number of yeast cells present into it. (b) Quality of spinach deteriorates with increase in rate of transpiration. (c) The rate of decrease in microbial population in a food sample in response of heat treatment at 600C is inversely proportional to its total organic content. Laboratory safety Procedures Every type of biological experimentation should comply with necessary safety procedures that ensures the safety of professionals involved in conducting the experiments and other people. That includes use of special clothing e.g. coats, gloves head cover spectacles etc. All the biological material is carried or grown in specially designed containers that ensure no risk for leakage that can be hazards for other people who can come in contact. All the biological material is heated at 121oC under pressure at 15 psi to kill all type of cells before discarding it whereas chemical agents are discarded as mentioned in safety manuals. Experiment Design Experimentation is a practical approach for investigation a scientific query leading to generation of observations called data. A same question can be investigated by using different experimental approaches. The selection of an experimental design mainly depends upon time required, extent of precision, availability of resources etc. Each experiment design has got some limitations and it is important to ensure that the selected experiment design can optimize for investigating the required scientific query. Each experiment is design by usually changing a variable. In order to test a given hypothesis, experiments are set, usually in triplicate and experiments are repeated at least three times to ensure reproducibility of the data. To avoid adding error in the data it is important to set negative and positive control for a given experiment. Positive control has an ingredient instead of ingredient to be test that should positive result when is added in the reagents and processed as per standard method of experiment in given conditions. On other hand Negative control is set same as positive control but has water or other solvent added instead of reagent to be tested. It is very important that selection of sample that is used in the experiment should be random. It is important to ensure that all the experiments should be done at the same conditions. All those factors that can contribute to add errors should be taken care of. Data Collection and analysis Observations can be collected after completion of experiments or while they are in progress depending on nature of experiments. The data is not always a integral values but can be visual observations that can be recorded by photography. The data is usually recorded with appropriate units in tabular form. This is known as raw data. Every data has some error added into it. Mathematic and statistics an integral part of Biological Analysis The observations that are collected as numerical value after experiments comprise raw data. Mathematical or statistical methods are used to minimize the effect of errors present into it the raw data. The most widely and commonly statistical method that is used to decrease error in data is finding an average in any given readings. Beside that mathematical or statistical tools are used to deduce a logical ground based on numerical value to support, modify or discard any scientific opinion (hypothesis) that is built up on earlier reported scientific findings Use of ratio proportion and percentage Data is analyzed by using mathematical or statistical tools, most commonly that are used include ratio and percentage, for finding an effect of changing a variable on other parameters in a given set of condition. If a numerical variable a represents intensity of a biological event that needs to be compared with intensity of another similar event represented by numerical variable b then ratios are taken out Ratio between intensity of two biological events = a (equation 1) b In order to represent this comparison on scale of 100, percentage of ratio between variables are taken out The general formula for percentage is given as below %= Ratio between two numerical variable x100(equation 2) Substitute equation 1 in general formula of percentage as shown by equation 2 Percent % (ratio between intensity of two biological events) ={ a }x 100 (eq 3) b Usually biological data can comprise of in a range of very small value to very large and hence it is important to convert it on Log10. The general formula for expressing any numerical variable is shown by equation 4 as follow Number(N) on Log 10 scale= Log10(N) (equation 4) Substitute equation 3 into equation 4 Log 10(ratio between intensity of two biological events) =Log10 { a x 100}(eq 5) b Technical limitation associated with use of Log10 scale While expressing any data on Log10 the difficulty arises when it is needed to express integral 0 on Log10 scale (Log10(0)=infinity). In order to cope with this difficulty 1 or any fraction of number that falls within permissible limit of error (5%) is added in all the data in its untreated form. Since the value added is added in every observation and magnitude of value is very little, so it s effect is nullified when data is converted on Log10 scale. In later stages the data can easily be plotted on any type of graphs as discussed in later part of this chapter. Significance of error in decision making and predictions on biological data Every data collected has certain extent of error present into it depending upon experimentation design, procedures and method of taking observations. This error needs to be evaluated before using the data for testing any hypothesis, decision making or predictions. It is defined as tentative variation on negative and positive scale in a set of observations from actual value. The actual numerical value of a biological effect is (B). An experiment was done to note this biological effect. The experiment was repeated N times e.g. (N1 N2 N3 Nt) to showing observations B as (B1 B2 B3.Bt) respectively. The first stage in calculation the error is to find an average The general formula for Average is Average = sum of numerical values of individual observation eq 6 Number of times the observation was taken Substitute the values in equation 6 Average ={B1+ B2+.Bt} eq 7 {Nt} Sum of values of observations ={B1+ B2+.Bt}is shown by S{B} No of times the experiment was repeated {Nt} ={N} Substitute the value in equations in equation 7 Average= S{B} equation 8 {N} Lets value of Average be represented by X Substitute in equation 7 Average = X Second stage is to find the difference between each numerical value of observation and Average = B1-X, B2-XBt-X, Third stage is to square each of the difference =B1-X)2,(B2-X)2, (B3-X)2(Bt-X)2 Fourth stage is to add the square of differences =(B1-X)2+(B2-X)2+(Bt-X)2 Fifth stage is to divide square sum of difference of average of individual numerical variable with number of observations e.g N =S(B1-X)2,( B2-X)2,..(Bt-X)2 N Standard deviation or Error is obtained by taking square root of the quotient obtained by dividing the square sum of difference between the average and the individual numerical variable with number of observations. =S(B1-X)2,( B2-X)2,..(Bt-X)2 N It is an integral value that is expressed, as on negative as well as positive scale e.g if error calculated is 3 then it would be +3 as well as 3. It represents a range within which actual value may lie. In olden days, such calculations were done with the help of calculator but now same work can be done more easily by using different software e.g. excel with computer as a tool. It is often very different to understand the effect underlying in any biological data by merely looking at numerical values. The different types of graphs are used for visual presentation of effect by trends available in data The most commonly types of graphs that are used for the presentation of data are given in figure 2.The same data for different sample e.g. A, B, C is presented on percentage scale by using horizontal and vertical bars whereas error is shown by error bars .Another set of data for sample D, E, F was presented by line graph. Data analysis to decide the status of hypothesis After the mathematical and statistical treatment of raw data a logical ground built up by comparing certain numerical values or more often represented on graphs to accept, modify or reject any hypothesis. In order to test the hypothesis The rate of decrease in microbial population in a food sample in response of heat treatment at 600C is inversely proportional to its total organic, 100 cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were inoculated in same volume in mediums with concentration as X, 3X and 70X respectively to make final concentration of each medium as 100 cells/ml.(Sample D contains 3X concentration medium, Sample E contains X concentration and Sample F contains 70X concentration). The medium were kept at 600C for 1x104hours and cells were assayed for viability after 10 hrs, 100, hours, 1000hrs and 10000 hrs respectively. The viability being dependent value was plotted on a graph Y axis against the time in hours after expressing the value on Log 10 scale. Different data points taken on the graph are sufficiently scattered and can not be joined by a straight line accommodating all the point on it. The trend line can be drawn manually by accommodating maximum number of points and leaving as many point above the line as many are there below that line. Such a manually drawn line can not be used for any type of scientific predictions. Otherwise highly precise trend line for a given data can be drawn as explained in section given in the end of the chapter that can be used for making decisions on a given hypothesis and for making predictions. The error bars extending on positive as well as negative scale in same magnitude of Y scale is plotted against each observation. The observation that were taken in this experiment are shown as graphs in Figure 2 e.g. Sample D, E and F were presented by using line graphs on Log 10 scale. The trend lines are introduced to show the type of dependency of one parameter on another. As already discussed earlier the biological data is often presented on Log 10 scale to observe the effects in broader prospective and ignore the slight changes especially when study is made on larger populations of samples e.g. cells with a wide range of variations. The data show that sample D and E has got similar trend (with an increase in variable on X axis, there is a decrease on Y axis variable, Y axis is dependent on x axis and is inversely proportional to it) whereas in sample F, Y variable is independent of X variable as no change in Y variable is observed with an increase in X variable and this is evident by a straight trend line. The conclusion drawn as evident by three graphs that number of viable yeast cells were found to decrease with passage of time when concentration of organic content in medium was X in sample E or 3X in sample D that is represented by a slopes in respective graphs. But this effect was found to be lost when organic concentration was raised to 70X in sample F and that is. This experiment supports the hypothesis The rate of decrease in microbial population in a food sample in response of heat treatment at 600C is inversely proportional to its total organic content. If reported literature indicate some other type of experiments done to check the same hypothesis then results are compared and reason of the variations if there are any are discussed with scientific reference and is reported in a scientific journal. Research Methodology Theory accepted Modification in hypothesis Publication in scientific Journals Discarding above hypothesis Supporting above hypothesis Results interpretation Different Hypotheses Data analysis Data collection Experimental design for a given hypothesis Literature reported in related area Identification of Biological Problem Interpretation of data The data that is obtained is interpreted to draw scientific conclusions. The reported literature is used to give explanation of the conclusion drawn. In the light of conclusion drawn either the hypothesis is accepted, rejected or is modified. If the hypothesis is proven correct with experiments, then it is known as a theory. Scientific articles based on proven hypothesis e.g. theory, disapproved or modified hypothesis are written by scientist involved in research and are sent for publication in scientific journals. Biological Problem as an example A school teacher planned an excursion for students and took paramedic staff equipped with sample collection facility to country side area to study the prevalence of any non contiguous disease in human beings and animals. Malaria is an example of non contiguous disease that is spread only by infected female mosquito is malaria and is a matter of great concern. As reported in newspapers and other literature there was a population of 100,000 people living with minimal facilities of life that on a huge natural water reservoir for drinking water. Recent heavy rain resulted in collection of water of stagnant water and much of this water in later stage drained in reservoir. The students prepared a report explaining how did they use biological methodology to study this case. a) Identification of problem Prevalence of certain incidences of disease symptoms similar to malaria in a given locality was identified as a biological problem. Students wrote the following note after referring the literature about malaria to get basic information about disease. Please refer the picture given below and the literature cited in later part of this chapter. From Mala aria ( bad air) to Malaria-over a period of time Malaria has been a matter of concerns since very beginning. Understanding about malaria has changed over a period of time. Initially it was considered to be caused by some supernatural power. Supported with the findings of higher incidences near the marshy area, malaria was thought to be caused by bad air that is found near marshy areas. With the emergence of germ theory malaria by Louis Pasteur (1852-1895) was thought to be caused by any bacteria. It is strongly believed until Charles Louis Alphonse Laveron (1845-1922) during microscopy of Blood from infected patients observed causative agent of malaria in 1880 and later on reported it to Academy of Medicine in Paris. Albert Freeman Africanus King (1841-1940) who was associated with George Washington University on basis of supporting reports presented the idea that mosquitoes are the mean of transmission of malaria (vector) and discarded the opinion that bad air in marshy area has any role in causing malaria. On basis of his data he suggested that proper netting can help to control the incidences of malaria in Washington. Ronald Ross (1857-1932) was a physician, who studied the life cycle of malarial parasite in mosquites e.g (different stages of parasite infection with a change in morphology) and its transfer to human beings and birds. In 1898 Giovanni Battista Grassi (1854-1925) on basis of understanding about malaria obtained by published literature set an experiment to infect a person who never had malaria (with his permission) in an area of Rome where there was not any case of malaria reported and mosquitoes were not found by exposing the person with Anopheles clavigar for ten night and later on patient developed the symptoms. On basis of his experiment he proved that malaria is spread by mosquitoes in human beings that carries the causative agent Plasmodium. The complete cycle of P. falciparum was observed by Grassi Bignami and Bastianelli in 1899 and the work has been published by Grassi in 1900. The life cycle of Plasmodium has three reproduction stages with different morphologies (shapes). The mosquitoes inject sporozoites in human being s skin that through blood goes to liver where they multiply and change into Merozoites.The second cycle of multiplication does into RBC. Some of the meroziotes after passing through reproductive cycle in RBC converts into gametocytes (male and female gemates) and enters in gut of mosquitoes when they suck blood from an infected human being where they undergo sexual reproduction to zygote which later on converts Oocyst. Oocyste after under going asexual reproduction burst to release newly formed sporozoites that enters in salivary gland of mosquitoes At the site students made a survey of that area and noted the initial observation with the help of photography. They found that not only human being but also the birds are affected by the disease Initial Findings They found that the reservoir (a) was associated with dark places where high populations of mosquitoes can be seen (b).Beside that a few sick birds were also found resting on ground. Diseased patients report to an increase in high fever with shivering that stays for some times and then fever become low or even normal with sweating or even without it. These symptoms are repeated with intervals and patient feels weakness. Initial findings support that the disease is malaria. b) On the basis of their initial findings the following hypothesis was built up. The disease may be Malaria and is caused by Plasmodium Experimentation Plasmodium infect the red blood cells. In order to established that diseased people are suffering from malaria at least 63 patients having disease were bled to collect blood samples. This type of sample that is under study is called as test sample. Blood were taken from at least 50 healthy who do not have any symptoms of disease. Since these people do not have any symptoms of disease it is very likely that Plasmodium may never be detected in their blood. Such a sample that is known to give a negative test is a called a negative control The blood and water samples were collected in collection tubes specially designed for this purpose. The fixed slides of infected Red Blood Cell (RBC) were purchased from the market and was taken as positive control. (a)The sample was not only collected from human beings but also from the diseased animals as well. That the blood of each sample was spread on a glass slide, fixed and stained with Giemsia and was observed under microscope. (b)Beside that the blood samples from infected people were inoculated (added) in RPMI-1640 medium (name of medium used for the growth of Plasmodium that also contain RBC) present in bottle and were incubated to grow causative agent of the disease under laboratory conditions. The sample from these bottles were observed under microscope for presence of Plasmodium after 72 hours of incubation. Furthermore, the surface water from stagnant regions of reservoir was collected in a container and was assayed for presence of larvae of mosquitoes with help of magnifying glass. Laboratory Safety Procedure All the containers having biological material was heated at 1210 C at 15 psi for 15 minutes to kill every type of living cells before discarding them. The chemical agents were discarded as described in their respective safety manuals Result Microscopy results show that the Red Blood Cell of diseased people were found to be infected with Plasmodium. The causative agent of the disease was successfully found to grow in the medium that supports the growth of Plasmodium (Figure 3) and that was confirmed by microscopy e.g Plasmodium were found in the sample from medium under microscope and slides observed were found similar as shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2 Plasmodium Figure 7 The blood sample after mixing with other reagent (as shown with white arrow indicating towards a tube) is then inoculated into the bottle ( as shown in picture) ( source Nature Protocols courtesy to Nature Publishing Group) The surface water samples that was taken from the stagnant water collected near water reservoir were found of have mosquitoes larvae in large number as is shown in Figure 4. Conclusion The results that includes, presence of large number of mosquitoes larvae near the site of outbreak, Plasmodium was found in the infected blood of diseased people, that was successfully grown in the medium and conditions specific confirm that the outbreak is of malaria that was caused by Plasmodium. Skill development to solve a Biological Problem Report A report comprising the incidences of malaria during the years 2002, 2003 and 2004, in three different cities was published in a newspaper. The patient were treated by using drug A and attempt to kill mosquitoes were made by spraying B into environment and adding in water collection. Out of these report related to three cities is given below. In Karachi 530 malarial cases were reported in year of 2002, 534760 in 2003 and 12345668 in 2004 respectively. The mortality reported in these years were 98 in 2002, 120001 in 2003 and 5408889 in 2004.The rain fall recorded in Karachi for year 2002 is 50mm, 2003 is 100 mm and 10,000 mm in 2004.The drug resistance was found in 12 cases in 2002, 60009 cases in 2003 and 9900099 cases in 2004. In 2002, 134 malarial cases were reported in Faisalabad where as in 2003 and 2004 the reported numbers were 1237 and 1379 respectively. The mortality reported in years 2002, 2003 and 2004 were 10, 99, 115 respectively. The annual rainfall reported in these years were 12 mm in 2002, 58 mm in 2003 and 89 mm in 2004.The antimalarial drug resistance was found to be in 2 cases in 2002 , 79 cases in 2003 and 91 cases in 2004. In a similar study that was conducted in Gilgit during these three years, it was found that malaria affected 325 people in 2002, 135 people in 2003 and 350 people in 2004.There were 10 people reported to be died of malarial disease in 2002, 8 people in 2003 and 17 people in 2004. The annual rainfall reported in these years were 130, 120, 105 mm in 2002, 2003 and 2004 respectively. The resistance against anti malarial drug found in 2002, 2003 and 2004 were 9, 4, 9 respectively. Source ( It is an imaginary situation given with data to help student develop research skills) Research Methodology Step 1 Identification of problem from published literature After reading the above mentioned findings, management of heavy occurrence of malarial disease has been identified as a problem. Step 2 literature search for generating the hypothesis taking malaria as a test case Malaria is a very common infectious disease that is commonly associated with poverty. It is caused by protozoan parasites Plasmodium species that is transferred to human being blood circulation system by the vector Anopheles mosquitos bite(1). Literature show that malarial outbreaks can be related with rainfall in that area (2). Malaria is more common in urban area than in cities. However in Africa it is present in both rural and urban areas (3,4)No literature is available about the relation of malarial incidence with location of the place with height above sea level. The occurrence of malarial outbreak can be related with presence of stagnant water that can support the mosquito survival in populations. Heavy use of anti-malarial drugs and mosquito cidal sprays is reported to produce resistance in the protozoa against commonly used drugs (5). 1) Cox F (2002). History of Human parasitology. Clin Microbiol Rev 15 (4): 595-612. 2) Grover-Kopec E, Kawano M, Klaver R, Blumenthal B, Ceccato P, Connor S. 2005 An online operational rainfall-monitoring resource for epidemic malaria early warning systems in Africa. Malar J 4(1): 6. 3) Van Benthem B, Vanwambeke S, Khantikul N, Burghoorn-Maas C, Panart K, Oskam L, Lambin E, Somboon P 2005.Spatial patterns of and risk factors for seropositivity for dengue infection Am J Trop Med Hyg 72 (2): 201-8. 4) Keiser J, Utzinger J, Caldas de Castro M, Smith T, Tanner M, Singer B 2004. Urbanization in sub-saharan Africa and implication for malaria control. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71 (2 Suppl): 118-27. 5)Rieckmann, K.H.2006 The chequered history of malaria control: are new and better tools the ultimate answer? Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 100(8) 647-662 6) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria (The Scientific literature is presented with citation of references as is shown in above paragraph) Step 3 Deduction of hypothesis with help of published literature After reading the reported literature as mentioned above following hypothesis can be deduced. Incidence of malaria is dependent on amount of rainfall probably through collection of stagnant water Step 4 Experimental design The data for the parameters analyzed was collected by using standard methods e.g. microscopy of infected blood samples at different hospitals and was published in a newspaper as a scientific report. Step 5 Presentation of Raw data The above mentioned data is presented below in tabular form. Karachi Year Malarial cases reported Mortality Rainfall (mm) No of resistant cases to anti-malarial drug A 2002 530 98 50 12 2003 534760 120001 100 60009 2004 12345668 5408889 10000 9900099 Average/year 4293652.667 1842996 3383.33 3320040 Faisalabad Year Malarial cases reported Mortality Rainfall (mm) No of resistant cases to antimalarial drug A 2002 134 10 12 2 2003 1237 99 58 79 2004 1379 115 89 91 Average/year 916.666 74.6666 53 57.333 Gilgit Year Malarial cases reported Mortality Rainfall (mm) No of resistant cases to antimalarial drug A 2002 325 10 130 9 2003 135 8 120 4 2004 350 17 11000 9 Average/year 270 11.6666 3750 7.333 Data Analysis (a) Data was analyzed by using different mathematical tools. Karachi 8 m above sea level Year Log10 (Malarial cases reported) %Mortality Log10(%Mortality) 2002 2.72427 18.4 1.264 2003 5.7281 22.44 1.351 2004 7.09151 43.81 1.6415 Average/year 5.1812 28.247 1.4188 Faisalabad 300m above sea level Year Log10 (Malarial cases reported) %Mortality Log10(%Mortality) 2002 2.12 7.46 0.8723 2003 3.092 8.0 0.903 2004 3.139 8.33 0.9206 Average /year 2.7836 7.93 0.8986 Gilgit 1500m above sea level Year Log10(Malarial cases reported) %Mortality Log10(%Mortality) 2002 2.51 3.076 0.487986 2003 2.130 5.92 0.77 2004 2.54 4.8 0.68 Average/year 2.3933 4.59866 0.64 Interpretation of data The results were analyzed to estimate the dependency of incidences of malarial disease with amount of rainfall. The frequency of incidence of malarial cases seems to be dependent on amount of rainfall at sea-level places but this dependency is diminished at places at higher altitude from sea level. Theory The data supports the hypothesis that incidences of malarial cases are dependent on amount of rainfall at sea-level places and it is accepted as theory. Publication A scientific paper is written on present understanding accommodating the latest finding obtained and sent to scientific Journals. Hypothesis Incidence of malaria is dependent on amount of rainfall probably through collection of stagnant water Data analysis Theory incidences of malarial cases is dependent on amount of rainfall at sea-level places. Result s interpretation How to draw a best fitted line for a given data A data for a biological experiment, having n different independent variables such x1 x2 x3..xn and its dependent variables y 1 y2 y3..yn is needed to be plotted with best fit line or regression line. Trendline, best fitted line, slope Regression line least square line are the different terms used for the same thing. The general formula is y=mx+bequation 1Y axis where m=slope, b=y-intercept Intercept is a point where a line passes an X axis. Y-intercept represents the value of Yb=y-intercept at which a line crosses it ( x=0). Slope= m=n(Sxy)-( Sx)( Sy) - equation 2n(Sx2)- (Sx)2Y-Intercept =b=Sy- m(Sx)equation 3n Where Sxy=x1y1+x2y2+x3y3xnyn Sx= x1+x2+x3xn Sy= y1+y2+y3..yn r = +1 Sx2= x12+x22+x32..xn2 The values for Slope=m and y-Intercept=b are calculated after putting the values for individual variables in equation 2 and 3 respectively The calculated values for Slope=m and Intercept=b are substituted in equation 1. A best fitted line graph is drawn by plotting the values calculated for y by using equation 1 for a given value of x after substituting the calculated value of slope=m and y-intercept. The Co-efficient of correlation is a quantitative measure to represent how well the data points got accommodated on the trend line.The value of r ranges from 1 to +1. It is-1 for a negative slope line and +1 for a r = -1 positive slope line. The value of r when is closer to zero represents poorer fitted data whereas better fitted data is shown by a value closer to either 1 or +1. Co-efficient of co-relation = n(Sxy)-( Sx)( Sy) [n(Sx2) -(Sx)2 ]0.5 [n(Sy2) -(Sy)2 ]0.5 Exercise Answer following question How is superstition different than hypothesis? Each time the observation is recorded is usually slightly different than earlier observation recorded in the same conditions. In such a situation how does it expected that error is decreased with increase in number of recording the observation? Can any one get an error free observation? Justify your answer with scientific reasons. A student was given a task to measure the length of two piece of clothes (A) was of length 150.75 cm whereas B was with 3.25cm with either of two tapes one having 1 cm as a least count with a capacity to measure a length of 50 cm whereas other with a least count of 0.2 cm for a measurement of length of 10.50. Which of these two measuring tape is more suitable for measurement of piece A and which one more is suitable for measurement of B with least error in both the cases. Please explain your answer with scientific reasons. Why does most of biological data is plotted on the graph on log10 scale? Please encircle the most appropriate answer. 1) The scientific experiments are done. times to ensure that data and findings of the experiment are reproducible. a) one time b) more than one (c) none of them 2) If the results of experiment in the three set of experiments e.g. test, positive control and negative control are same then it means a) There has been some technical problem due to which experiment has not worked b) Experiment worked very well c) None of them 3) A positive control experiment is set to gives a result same as- in a given set of conditions a) positive b) as negative result c) test 4) A Negative control experiment is set to gives a result same as- in a given set of conditions a) positive b) as negative result c) test 5) The results of an experiment that was done at one set obtained at one set of conditions are expected to be- when the same experiment is done at different set of conditions. a) same b) different c) identical Please match the complementary words given in two column Source of error in data collection (a) Random sampling (b)Several Replicate of experiments are done at a given conditions Method to minimize the error (d) Eating of Fish with milk causes vitiligo e)Light is source of energy Superstition (f)Handing of sample (g)Variation in conditions of experiments (h)Recording of data Theory (i) Biasness in sampling (j)Air contains oxygen Theory discarded(k) Sun rotates round the earth (l)Light comes out of eyes Thinking Exercise for implication of scientific methodology a) Please imply the scientific methodology to establish the status( accepted, rejected, modified) on at least two hypothesis related to above given problem deduced after referring the scientific literature cited. Student and teachers are encouraged to use excel. Solution Part 1. Since the problem is same so step 1 and step 2 are identical as done earlier to generate a hypothesis listed below Step 3 Deduction of hypothesis in light of literature Another hypothesis that was built up on basis of scientific literature given is listed below Incidence of malaria is decreases with increase in height above sea level b) Data analysis to find out the effect of altitude above sea level on incidences of malarial cases. Karachi 8 m above sea level Year Log10 (Malarial cases reported) %Mortality Log10(%Mortalit-y) Log10 (Rain fall)( mm) 2002 2.72427 18.4 1.264 1.698 2003 5.7281 22.44 1.351 2 2004 7.09151 43.81 1.6415 4 Average/year 5.1812 28.216 1.4188 2.566 Faisalabad 300m above sea level Year Log10 (Malarial incidence reported) %Mortality Log10(%Mortality) Log10 (Rain fall) (mm) 2002 2.12 7.46 0.8723 1.079 2003 3.092 8.0 0.903 1.7634 2004 3.139 8.33 0.9206 1.949 Average /year 2.7836 7.93 0.8986 1.5973 Gilgit 1500m above sea level Year Log10(Malarial cases reported) %Mortality Log(%Mortality) Log10 (Rain fall)(mm) 2002 2.51 3.076 0.487986 2.11 2003 2.130 5.92 0.772321 2.07 2004 2.54 4.8 0.6812 4.0413 Average/year 2.3933 4.59866 0.6471 2.74043 The average malarial incidences reported during three years were plotted against the altitude of different cities on log scale. Interpretation of data The results were analyzed to estimate the dependency of incidences of malarial disease on altitude of places The incidences of malarial cases seems to be independent on altitude of places as there is considerable decrease in incidences observed in Faisalabad which is just 292m above sea level in comparison to Karachi whereas there is not much difference in number of incidences of malaria reported in Faisalabad and Gilgit whereas Gilgit is 1200m higher above the sea level as compare to Faisalabad. Hypothesis On the basis of above mentioned reason the hypothesis that incidences of malarial cases decreases with increases in altitude has been discarded. Theory On the basis of studies it is established that the incidences of malarial cases does not decrease with increase in altitude. Publication The scientific finding that the incidences of malarial cases does not decrease with increase in altitude. Incidence of malaria cases does not decrease with increase in altitude is accepted Part 2. Since it is the continuation of earlier problem so step 1 and step 2 will remain the same. Step 3 Deduction of hypothesis in light of literature Another hypothesis deduced on basis of finding reported is Resistance to malarial drug decreases with increase in height above sea level e.g. related occurrence with malarial incidences c) Data analysis to find out the effect of altitude above sea level on incidences of resistance against malarial drug A cases. Karachi 8 m above sea level Year Log10(Malarial incidence) %Mortality Log10(%Mortality) Log10 (Rain fall)(mm) % Resistant cases to anti malarial drug A Log 10(% Resistance against anti malarial drug A) 2002 2.72427 18.4 1.266 1.698 2.26 0.3541 2003 5.7281 22.44 1.351 2 11.22 1.0499 2004 7.09151 43.81 1.6415 4 80.19 1.904 Average/year 5.1812 28.216 1.4198 3.529345 77.32437 1.888316 Faisalabad 300m above sea level Year Log 10 (Malarial cases %Mortality Log 10 (%Mortality) Log10 (Rain fall)( mm) % Resistant cases to anti malarial drug A Log10(% Resistant cases against anti malarial drug A) 2002 2.12 7.46 0.8723 1.079 1.49 0.173 2003 3.092 8.0 0.903 1.7634 6.38 0.8048 2004 3.139 8.33 0.9206 1.949 6.59 0.8188 Average /year 2.7836 7.93 0.8986 1.5971 4.82 0.599 Gilgit 1500m above sea level Year Log 10 (Malarial cases reported) %Mortality Log10(%Mortality) Log 10 (Rain fall)(mm) % Resistant cases to anti malarial drug A Log10(% Resistant cases to anti malarial drug A) 2002 2.51 3.076 0.487986 2.11 2.76 0.4423 2003 2.130 5.92 0.772321 2.07 2.9 0.472 2004 2.54 4.8 0.6812 4.0413 2.57 0.410 Average/year 2.3933 4.59866 0.6471 2.74 2.76 0.44142 The average resistance against malarial drug A incidences reported during three years were plotted against the altitude of different cities on log 10 scale. Interpretation of data The results were analyzed to estimate the dependency of resistance against malarial drug A on altitude of places The data show that prevalence of resistance against malarial drug A is found to be independent of altitude of places Hypothesis On the basis of above mentioned reason the hypothesis that prevalence of resistance against malarial drug A is found to be independent of altitude of places has been discarded Publication A scientific paper is written on present understanding accommodating the latest finding obtained and sent to scientific Journals. Resistance to malarial drug decreases with increase in height above sea level Incidence of malaria is dependent on amount of rainfall probably through collection of stagnant water Incidence of malaria is decreases with increase in height above sea level Literature Experiment design Theory incidence of malaria decreases with increase in height above sea level is accepted Hypothesis e.g incidence of malaria is decreases with increase in height above sea level is accepted Data collection Modified Hypothesis e.g. incidences of malarial cases seems independent of amount of rainfall at higher attitude places. Data analysis Results interpretation Hypothesis discarded e.g. resistance against malarial disease decreases with increase in altitude of place Modified Hypothesis e.g. incidences of malarial cases seems independent of amount of rainfall at higher attitude places but is dependent at sea level. Hypothesis e.g. incidences of malarial disease decreases with altitude of place is modified Theory incidences of malarial cases is dependent on amount of rainfall at sea-level places.

Money Is An Essential Part Of Life - 838 Words

Jaycee Meek Mr. Bergmann Senior English P4 3 September, 2015 Money’s Importance Do you like money? Do you want more? What would you do to get more? Money is an essential part of life. Money is needed to buy necessities, maybe go to a baseball game or have a night out with friends. People have an affliction for money. The world view says money is good and the need for more is what is acceptable in society. Honestly, money makes one put aside their family and put heavy strains on relationships. Also, with the need for money becoming more eminent, careless and bad decisions are being made in trying to salvage every bit of it. Money has great qualities and is needed in everyday life, but some people feel that money corrupts one’s†¦show more content†¦Money doesn’t affect families alone, but also other relationships in one’s life. People want a relationship whether it be a significant other, best friend or even a pet. They love that person or thing and do not want to hurt it in any way. Money does not have feelings, on the other hand, it has power. It has the power to control the feelings of people. For example, two colleagues go and eat lunch. They did all their business dealings together and were fairly close. Financially they are both stable and make close to the same amount. After a couple months in, one colleague loses their job and digs himself a deep hole. He asks the other if he would like to have lunch again, but the colleague says it would be better if they did not. He was never heard from again. Why would he do that to someone that was supposed to be his friend? Well, that’s what money does. Money gives people a level of pride which could possibly knock out a few good relationships because they are not in the same â€Å"class†. Then, the people who were not in the same â€Å"class† are affected greatly and try to get to the level of their acquaintance. This could lead making regretful decisions. Money can take control of a person’s mind so that they do something that they would have never thought of doing before. Money is persuasive enough to get someone to do anything. On the news you see that a woman was robbed and beat by a thief or a kid was caught selling weed to his fellow

Effectiveness of Saudi and American Cyber Laws

Question: Examines and assesses the effectiveness of Saudi and American Cyber Laws in deterring the growing global threats posed by Cyber Identity theft. The article studies cyber identity thefts evolution as a crime, the influence evolving technologies have had in relation to the methods used to commit this crime, the varying victims this crime targets, and the devastating impact these crimes continue to have globally. Extensive research indicates that Cyber identity theft is multi-dimensional, targeting citizens, businesses, and governments at a rapidly growing rate. These upward trending statistics suggest that Cyber Identity theft is a truly global criminal phenomenon which blurs the traditional distinction between threats to internal (local law enforcement) and external (military) security and does not respond to single jurisdiction approaches to policing. Answer: Abstract: Cyber crimes have steadily increased over the last few years intensively across the globe. More than 15 million of US residents have been identified as of having the fraudulent identities which totals at $50 billion lose each year. 7% of them can be seen of misusing their proxy identities, creating an immense cyber threats. In different times several laws and legislations are enforced to cope up with this situation. But still these days, cyber threat stands to be one of the most potential challenges yet to be circumvented. In different times, different researchers has risen up this intense digital threat and has tried to bring justice, however, all went in vain. This current article is focusing on the global digital threats having been specifically pointing to Saudi and American approaches of cyber identity threats. This write up is focusing on the cyber laws being applied for Saudi and America approaches of cyber policies. This article also portrays comparison and projects light on the contrast of the cyber law of both America and Saudi Arabia. The article also shed light that how the cyber ethics are being violated with unfair approaches. At the same time, how much it becoming cost worthy for the users is also delineated in the context of the article. In order to manage the severe growth of this frugality the mostly affected areas are highlighted in the context of the writing. What may be the points of getting relived from this terseness are taken account here in this work.